In four articles for Entreprenante Afrique, we present Electriciens sans frontières' Cafés Lumière in Madagascar and compare the results of different alternative evaluation methods carried out at affordable cost to test and assess the existence of positive impacts of the project on sustainable development objectives. In this second section, we explore the possibility of testing the presence of impacts using remote sensing data, which is generally inexpensive to mobilise.

With particularly low rates of access to electricity in rural areas in some countries on the African continent, the development of electrification solutions represents a major challenge. Governments and their rural electrification agencies have continued the process of regulating the off-grid sector through reforms, and have defined ambitious rural electrification plans and targets.